Goodmans band was the first to integrate black and white musicians. Daniels, Douglas. American society, while standing as a brilliant reflection of American freedom Jimmy Rushing, Oklahoma City native and early member of the Blue Devils, set a style in blues and jazz that was imitated widely by others. A big band typically consists of approximately 12 to 25 musicians and contains saxophones, trumpets, trombones, and a rhythm section. KC Jazz marked the transition from the heavily structured, arranged and written out Big Band style of Swing to the more fluid and improvisation style of Bebop. Soloist(s) - Western Michigan University | A top 100 national university Progressive bands were led by Dizzy Gillespie, Gil Evans, Carla Bley, Toshiko Akiyoshi and Lew Tabackin, Don Ellis, and Anthony Braxton. a) Henderson's big band comprises five brass instruments (three trumpets and two trombones), four reed instruments (saxophones and clarinets), and a rhythm section consisting of piano, bass, Orleans musicians begin to consolidate the drum section (bass, snare, cymbals) commonly found in early New Orleans brass bands. The term "big band" is also used to describe a genre of music, although this was not the only style of music played by big bands. [19], It is useful to distinguish between the roles of composer, arranger and leader. Louis Blues, but by the late 1930s, with the migration of Cubans and Puerto Ricans to New York City, Afro-Cuban music emerged along with new dances, such as the rhumba. photo by Patricia Schneider. Explain your opinion in a book review. Casa Loma Stomp marked the first recording of this emerging style in 1930. (5) tromboneJoe Nanton, and (6) clarinetBarney Bigard. 1. Swing as popular music usually had vocals, such as Glenn Miller's "Chattanooga Choo-Choo," and was intended for dancing. Hawkins made his first recording with Fletcher Henderson and he would go on to perform throughout England and Europe. Trumpets A prominent feature of swing music is a leading brass section, which is often provided by a trumpet. Big band - Wikipedia Alto sax player, arranger, and bandleader Jimmie Lunceford (19021947) studied music at and graduated from Fisk University in 1926. By the end of the war, swing was giving way to less danceable music, such as bebop. The score indicated a fixed number of measures for solo improvisation and also musical notations with the desired sounds and effects. The music business suffered during the Great Depression. L6G9MTRv&hVSOC9Y)~06CW)j#8qE#C?YOK%d\SC9IT~U {J;F\m`F># in its strictest However, some of the major artists, such as Ellington and Basie, provided much of the music for their orchestras themselves. That makes them the shrimp or Andouille sausage in the Gumbo that is swing music. The Glenn Miller band was one of the most popular bands of the Swing Era. is called the ", The After the end of both bands, Basie formed his own orchestra, recruiting members from these two bands. Professor Daniels book publications include Lester Leaps In: The Life and Times of Lester Pres Young (Beacon, 2002); Pioneer Urbanites: A Social and Cultural History of Black San Francisco; and One Oclock Jump: The Unforgettable History of the Oklahoma City Blue Devils (Beacon Press, 2006). In the fifties, the emergence of rock-and-roll would capture broad attention as jazz moved in new artistic directions. . Some listeners feel that all swing bands sound alike but bandleaders wanted to be distinguished. Traveling conditions and lodging were difficult, in part due to segregation in most parts of the United States, and the personnel often had to perform having had little sleep and food. The popularity of their bands in the mainstream reveals the extent to which jazz and blues had become the most popular dance music of the 1930s and 1940s. During the 1960s and '70s, Sun Ra and his Arketstra took big bands further out. HWYo8~G ("b+[:r$%_r8oFdnIt]5pu\Kr|z~+au/I8vTm3}` e So lets quickly take a look at all three genres: Lets dive into these characteristics of Swing Music a little deeper:
Swing music began appearing in the early 1930s and was distinguished by a more supple feel than the more literal 44 of early jazz. Many swing-era compositions were written by professional songwriters employed by song publishing companies. here to see a YouTube clip on jazz improvisation, click here to see animated Williams is considered one of the great jazz pianists and one of the greatest performers from Kansas City. Boogie-woogie is characterized by its well-known Basie, Count. bWkwf>JW'wJj_]6/?NxP]-0_wg"2;WjbuY5sujr7g/sueG>trp~ZBV7]M(//m!o/f[^fb]x>f]aX?UnAW|ng)]s? leaders in America. Here are the five most common swing band instruments, and how they commonly fit into swing music. of the most creative composers in the history of jazz, particularly renowned harmony, structure and instrumentation. Her vocal command expanded to an unusual range of four octaves, and she is best known for her melodic approach to scatting. This is where one section (say, the brass section, i.e., trumpets and trombones) would play a musical phrase and then be "answered" by another section (say, the saxes); the first phrase is the call, the answer is the response (like a musical conversation). Jazz Big Band Grinnell College Musical Instrument Collection The Cotton Club started in Harlem before it moved downtown. Special thanks to Dr. Portia K. Maultsby and to the Advisory Scholars for their commitment and thought-provoking contributions to this resource. Apple Loops/REX/WAV. Bassists generally assumed the role of timekeeper, while drummers functioned in a dual capacity. As jazz was expanded during the 1950s through the 1970s, the Basie and Ellington bands were still around, as were bands led by Buddy Rich, Gene Krupa, Lionel Hampton, Earl Hines, Les Brown, Clark Terry, and Doc Severinsen. Dixieland and the Swing Era - Jazz in America [29], An arrangement's first chorus is sometimes preceded by an introduction, which may be as short as a few measures or may extend to a chorus of its own. The Cotton Club, Harlem, New York City, early 1930s. Singers Billie Holiday and Ella Fitzgerald came to the popular forefront during the swing era. In the 1950s, a smooth style of "West Keyboards are the swing band equivalent of rice in Gumbo. The trumpet section included four trumpets; the first was responsible for the highest notes. Swing is an outgrowth of the 1920s big band traditions in Chicago, Kansas City, and New York City. Beginning in the mid-1920s, big bands, then typically consisting of 10-25 pieces, came to dominate popular music. (1937). Big bands started as accompaniment for dancing. [22] Some bandleaders, such as Guy Lombardo, performed works composed by others (in Lombardo's case, often by his brother Carmen),[23] while others, such as Maria Schneider, take on all three roles. One Oclock Jump: The Unforgettable History of the Oklahoma City Blue Devils. How Did Buddy Bolden Influence The Way Back To The Birth Of Jazz? - ipl.org Her version of the nursery rhyme A-Tisket, A-Tasket (1938) brought her international fame. Others challenged him, and battle of the bands became a regular feature of theater performances. and ingenuity. The swing style developed in the 1930s and continued to be popular throughout the 1940s and beyond as a distinctive genre. This type of music flourished through the early 1930s, although there was little mass audience for it until around 1936. An Autobiography: John Hammond on Record with Irvin Townsend. Figure 1: The Western Jazz Quartet (piano: I am Joaqun/Yo Soy Joaqun was first published in 1967. Fletcher Henderson (18971952) is credited with creating the pattern for swing arrangements. Unlike the vague term 'orchestra', writing for a big band is a little more specific with regards to the instruments and number of players at your disposal. There was a quality to her voice that fascinated me, and Id sing along with her, trying to catch the subtle ways she shaded her voice, the casual yet clean way she sang the words., A lot of singers think all they have to do is exercise their tonsils to get ahead. The Glenn Miller Band worked the best jobs and recorded often. Duke Ellington wrote a song in 1931 titled It Dont Mean a Thing (If It Aint Got That Swing), and for a generation of music lovers those were words to live by. clarinetist Benny GOODMAN and more traditional instruments such as horn, cello, flute and oboe. However, its so large that its most often placed upright next to the bassist when its being played. The group emphasized correct technique and accurate playing and released its first recording in 1930. The focus shifted away from the arranger and toward the improvising performer.
2. Goodmans clarinet playing was a combination of great wit, precise musicianship, beautiful subtleties, and never-ending swing. The Timeline of African American Music by Portia K. Maultsby, Ph.D. presents the remarkable diversity of African American music, revealing the unique characteristics of each genre and style, from the earliest folk traditions to present-day popular music. exemplifies many of the most innovative aspects of this new jazz style: (1) It - listeners to love jazz.. His famous recording Body and Soul, recorded in 1939, is known for its continuous smooth sound. Benny Goodman (19091986) was a superior clarinetist who began appearing on stage by the age of twelve. Trumpets feature a hollow brass tube that is doubles back on itself twice. YouTube clip with basic piano chords, click here to see a YouTube These artists added new instrumentssuch as congas, other percussion instruments, timbales, maracas, and clavesand relied on powerful multi-rhythmic pulses to highlight jazz compositions within the big band as well as the small combo formats. In the 1960s and 1970s, big band rock became popular by integrating such musical ingredients as progressive rock experimentation, jazz fusion, and the horn choirs often used in blues and soul music, with some of the most prominent groups including Chicago; Blood, Sweat and Tears; Tower of Power; and, from Canada, Lighthouse. of many things they must think about while they are playing. Paul Whiteman (18901967), called the King of Jazz, sought after talented top names for his band like Bing Crosby, Bix Beiderbecke, and Jimmy and Tommy Dorsey. ways. Swing was the predominant style of jazz music played from the late 1920s to mid-1940s. Which of the following changes occurred in the rhythm section during the 1930s? DAVIS was one of the first jazz artist to cross over and adopt elements of syllables). Young, who also studied violin, trumpet and drums, displayed an excellent sense of melody in his lyrical soloing. Count Basies music contains lively rhythms, economic piano style, and a relaxed swing sound. Scat singing, along with his gravelly voice, became Armstrongs trademark sound, as heard in Lazy River (1931). [1], One of the first bands to accompany the new rhythms was led by a drummer, Art Hickman, in San Francisco in 1916. Later, a fifth bass trombone was often added. The Henderson band is considerably larger than most syncopated dance bands of the 1920s (eight or nine musicians). It began as an intensified rhythmic outgrowth of the black Rhythm & 1920s as a blending of blues, ragtime, and civic brass band traditions, then this woodwinds (saxophones, clarinets), brass (trumpets, trombones) and a back-up Other bandleaders used Brazilian and Afro-Cuban music with big band instrumentation, and big bands led by arranger Gil Evans, saxophonist John Coltrane (on the album Ascension from 1965) and bass guitarist Jaco Pastorius introduced cool jazz, free jazz and jazz fusion, respectively, to the big band domain. Choose the vocabulary word that answers each riddle. 20th-century popular music and culture. He was also a band leader and arranger who traveled throughout Europe and Japan during the 1950s and 1960s. trombonist Glenn MILLER incorporated Fueled by the non-stop nightlife under political boss Tom Pendergast, Kansas City jam sessions went on well beyond sunrise, fostering a highly competitive atmosphere and a unique music culture, attracting many bands from the Southwest known as territory bands, such as Bennie Motens orchestra and the Oklahoma City Blue Devils. The 5 Most Common Swing Band Instruments [44], Although big bands are identified with the swing era, they continued to exist after those decades, though the music they played was often different from swing. Typically the most prominent shows with the earliest time slots and largest audiences have bigger bands with horn sections while those in later time slots go with smaller, leaner ensembles. When it comes to swing music, keyboards are typically used as a harmonic element. Big bands uplifted morale during World War II. Good Morning Blues: The Autobiography of Count Basie. A big band or jazz orchestra is a type of musical ensemble of jazz music that usually consists of ten or more musicians with four sections: saxophones, trumpets, trombones, and a rhythm section. Cool Jazz Thats what makes it stand out. With the exception of Jelly Roll Morton, who continued playing in the New Orleans style, bandleaders paid attention to the demand for dance music and created their own big bands. The genre was gradually absorbed into mainstream pop rock and the jazz rock sector.[45]. has undergone several stylisdtic transformations, the most significant of which The rhythm section would typically include piano, string bass, drum set, with occasional additions of guitar or other chordal/melody instruments. Big Bands began to appear in movies in the 1930s through the 1960s, though cameos by bandleaders were often stiff and incidental to the plot.Shep Fields appeared with his Rippling Rhythm Orchestra in a playful and integrated animated performance of "This Little Ripple Had Rhythm" in the musical extravaganza The Big Broadcast of 1938. But Chick Webbs band would cut them., The one radio voice that I listened to above others belonged to Ella Fitzgerald. techniques (from native African musical tradition in which a leader does a world. (String Bass or Electric Bass), plucked with the fingers, often providing a Swing Shift: All Girl Bands of the 1940s. Orchestra. ensemble intimate style of Dixieland jazz into a harder-edged full band sound. [3] They incorporated elements of Broadway, Tin Pan Alley, ragtime, and vaudeville. [48][49][50] Big band remotes on the major radio networks spread the music from ballrooms and clubs across the country during the 1930s and 1940s, with remote broadcasts from jazz clubs continuing into the 1950s on NBC's Monitor. Bandleader Charlie Barnet's recording of "Cherokee" in 1942 and "The Moose" in 1943 have been called the beginning of the bop era. As the soloistic improvisations intensified, bebop players such as saxophonist Charlie "Bird" PARKER often Kansas City, in particular, became a wide-open town totally ingrained in the entertainment business. "12 2 3 4", then start the - The ANDREWS SISTERS: The Boogie-Woogie Bugle Boy As swing developed, the second player became responsible for most of the jazz solos. For this reason the pianists left hand generally just played chords on the beat; while his right hand built rhythmic patterns around chords and chord tone, and especially guide tone often just playing arpeggios or simple bluesy licks. Coast" Cool Jazz emerged, using The Music . From the late 1930s through the 1950s, Duke Ellington was one of the premier swing band leaders in America. (As told to Albert Murray). The popularity of many of the major bands was amplified by star vocalists, such as Frank Sinatra with Tommy Dorsey, Helen O'Connell and Bob Eberly with Jimmy Dorsey, Ella Fitzgerald with Chick Webb, Billie Holiday and Jimmy Rushing with Count Basie, Dick Haymes and Helen Forrest with Harry James, Doris Day with Les Brown,[40] and Peggy Lee with Benny Goodman. Latin-based rock idiom). 1930s, jazz expanded into a "Big Band" phenomenon with Duke Ellington They had the Blue Devils. Jazz elements into his famous musical, They danced to recordings and the radio and attended live concerts. [51] Fictionalized biographical films of Glenn Miller, Gene Krupa, and Benny Goodman were made in the 1950s. These consist of the independent use of trumpet, trombone, saxophone, and rhythm section with the use of soloists. [26], Typical big band arrangements from the swing era were written in strophic form with the same phrase and chord structure repeated several times. Duke Ellington at one time used six trumpets. - a jazz choir (with or without instrumental accompaniment): Jazz combos often feature virtuoso performers, on A prominent feature of swing music is a leading brass section, which is often provided by a trumpet. When the tradition came back full-circle into vocal jazz with a style known as SWING. A large string instrument with an extremely low pitch, the Double Bass is a staple of most swing bands. Many bands toured the country in grueling one-night stands. Transcontinental trips often required a stop in one of these cities. A. Rolfe, Anna Mae Winburn, and Ina Ray Hutton.[35]. She arranged music for dozens of leading swing bands including those of Duke Ellington, Dizzy Gillespie, and Benny Goodman. Jam Blues features a 12-bar blues pattern with each subsequent varied chorus (say, the brass section, i.e., trumpets and trombones) would play a musical phrase and then be "answered" by another section (say, the . DG Ch 6-10 - Flashcards | StudyHippo.com In general, swing refers to the music of large dance bands that played written arrangements. Henderson was a pianist and excellent arranger who wrote most of the musical arrangements that helped launch the success of Benny Goodmans orchestra. This also contributed to the loose and spontaneous feel of KC Jazz. 1560 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<10C156E632F2BA46ADA9AD0651C7900F><95985AC68A5B3B44A7FED2E54018B539>]/Index[1554 17]/Info 1553 0 R/Length 52/Prev 145355/Root 1555 0 R/Size 1571/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream Dance bands had made phonograph records since the days of ragtime. Swing bands featured sections of trumpets, saxophones, and . ELLINGTON and William "Count" BASIE popularized "pure" jazz through a "Big Band" Armstrong (nicknamed Coleman Hawkins (19041969) was the first great saxophonist of jazz. Then, during the Swing Era, the sax player Coleman Hawkins changed the way jazz approached improvisation from melody to harmony (horizontal to vertical). Figure 2: Trumpeter Wynton Marsalis In the early 1970s, Miles Davis began exploring Swing bands featured a large ensemble of Until the political climate changes in Chile, Allende will write from her current home in (Click Many of the great swing bands broke up, as the times and tastes changed. During the next decades, ballrooms filled with people doing the jitterbug and Lindy Hop. The stage was set up with five saxophones, two altos, two tenors, and one baritone, stage front left with four trombones directly behind them, and three trumpets at the back, the electric guitar was in center stage with . The History Of Big Band Music In The United States "Stachmo") is arguably the most influential performer in the history Fitzgerald recorded several standards that became hit songs. Ive listed someSwing Era Jazz musicians below. The swing era was the one time that jazz was a truly popular style. of jazz The "Modern Popular Music" chart below, As a result, employment opportunities for jazz musicians increased and Kansas City became a jazz mecca. uses "call and response" ways. - : The rhythmic phenomenon of "swing" feeling is When the trumpets and saxophones are combined in a musical accompaniment, they can lead a vibrant and multi-toned swing melody. Drummer Chick Webb (19091939) was admired for his forceful sense of swing, accurate technique, control of dynamics, and use of breaks and fills. His efforts helped make it possible for jazz musicians to earn a decent wage. [37] As jazz migrated from its New Orleans origin to Chicago and New York City, energetic, suggestive dances traveled with it. style, boogie-woogie was born. The band severed ties with the school in 1941 to claim professional status. Bluesy feel (often using a 12 Bar Blues structure), Songs that were based and structured around riffs. Count Basie became an Oklahoma City Blue Devil around 1929 and also played with Bennie Moten. Glenn Miller used a clarinet over his saxophone for identification. piece several times, but the most famous is from 1942, with the following Since the 1920s, Jazz is America's The instrumental lineup of a big band will vary from ensemble to ensemble, but is typically composed of around 17 musicians, divided into four sections: five saxophones; four trombones; four trumpets; a rhythm section of piano, double bass and drums; Common additions might include guitar, french horn, tuba or a vocalist. Gloria Parker had a radio program on which she conducted the largest all-girl orchestra led by a female. He toured and recorded many solos with, most notably, the Count Basie band. This would go back and forth a number of times. Blues tradition, then became popular with white listeners during the World War The successful bands of the Swing Era featured carefully . PDF Chapter Six: "In the Mood": the Swing Era, 1935-1945 here to see a YouTube video on "swing" groove vs. other types of He was a pianist, accompanist, and music director for blues singers, dancers, and comedians. You must have javascript enabled to view this website. [1][2] The division in early big bands, from the 1920s to 1930s, was typically two or three trumpets, one or two trombones, three or four saxophones, and a rhythm section of four instruments. The better jazz musicians of swing bands would form swing combos within most large bands. The Timeline of African American Music has been made possible in part by a major grant from theNational Endowment for the Humanities: Democracy demands wisdom. Jazz Appreciation ICQ (In-Class Quiz) #6 Hearing The Difference: Bebop and Swing - know the three major aural differences between these two eras The Swing Era: The Players and The Features - know names of artists; lists of features-Societal features Jazz's most popular eradominated the mainstream of American popular music Purpose of music primarily for dancing Millions of records sold . Trumpet image courtesy: PJ via Wikimedia Commons, Saxophone image courtesy: via Wikimedia Commons, Keyboard image courtesy: Eurotuber via Wikimedia Commons, Double Bass image courtesy: David Price via Wikimedia Commons, Drum set image courtesy: Pbroks13 via Wikimedia Commons, Gumbo image courtesy: Amadscientist via Wikimedia Commons, For more than 10 years, The Classic Swing Band of Dallas has offered the best in live entertainment.
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